酯交换法合成碳酸甲乙酯催化剂的研究进展

碳酸甲乙酯（EMC）是一种环境友好型的不对称碳酸酯，因其独特的结构性质被广泛用作溶剂或有机合成中间体，特别是随着锂离子电池的迅猛发展，其作为电池电解液主要成分市场需求量急增。文中简单介绍了光气法、氧化羰化法和酯交换法合成碳酸甲乙酯的研究进展。重点针对最具发展前景的酯交换法合成EMC工艺路线中所用催化剂进行了综述；讨论和分析了该路线所用催化剂的类型、结构、性质及性能，并对当前研究中存在的问题进行了归纳和分析总结。最后本文分析并展望了酯交换法合成EMC催化剂的研究方向及新型合成工艺发展趋势，提出研发经济、高效、稳定且制备工艺简单的非均相催化剂，并与反应精馏技术耦合是今后的主要发展趋势，期望为EMC的高效合成提供参考和借鉴。     

细菌纤维素合成与鉴定研究综述

细菌纤维素（BC）因其独特性能被广泛应用于医药、食品等领域，目前其高产量菌株筛选、合成成本降低及合成途径改良等成为研究热点。本文依据国内外文献并结合团队研究成果对BC合成与鉴定的相关研究进行综述。首先对BC合成菌筛选及碳源利用的研究进行了分析，总结了降低BC合成成本的研究思路。其次对鉴定菌株合成产物的方法进行了归纳，总结了不同方法的特点。然后结合本团队筛选出的BC生产菌XJL-06-4 BC合成酶基因分析结果，综述了BC合成途径、合成酶存在形式以及基因水平调控作用，为BC在分子水平上通过改变合成途径提高产量提供新思路。最后，总结BC微生物发酵生产存在的问题，多角度提出解决方案。     

Material encapsulation in poly(methyl methacrylate) shell: A review

Material encapsulation is a relatively new technique for coating a micro/nanosize particle or droplet with polymeric or inorganic shell. Encapsulation technology has many applications in various fields including drug delivery, cosmetic, agriculture, thermal energy storage, textile, and self-healing polymers. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used as shell material in encapsulation due to its high chemical stability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and good mechanical properties. The main approach for micro/nanoencapsulation of materials using PMMA as shell comprises emulsion-based techniques such as emulsion polymerization and solvent evaporation from oil-in-water emulsion. In the present review, we first focus on the encapsulation techniques of liquid materials with PMMA shell by analyzing the effective processing parameters influencing the preparation of PMMA micro/nanocapsules. We then describe the morphology of PMMA capsules in emulsion systems according to thermodynamic relations. The techniques to investigation of mechanical properties of capsule shell and the release mechanisms of core material from PMMA capsules were also investigated. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48039.     

氨基磺酸盐型水性醋酸纤维乳液的制备与性能

采用乙二胺基乙磺酸钠(AAS)作为亲水剂,在二月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTDL)的催化下,通过异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)将亲水基引入二醋酸纤维(CA)分子中,制得了一种氨基磺酸盐型水性醋酸纤维乳液(SWCA)。利用FTIR、DLS、黏度计、TEM、SEM、接触角测量仪、XRD、TGA,对SWCA结构及涂膜性能进行表征。考察了IPDI与AAS物质的量比对SWCA乳液粒径、黏度、涂膜表观形貌及耐水性的影响。结果表明:当n(IPDI)∶n(AAS)=1.1∶1时,乳液最稳定,微观形态呈水包油型(O/W)核壳结构,乳液粒径和分散系数(PDI)最小,分别为128nm和0.112,此时乳液表观黏度最大,为73.5m Pa·s,所成涂膜致密平整,接触角可达110.2°±2°,表现出明显的疏水性;此外,与二醋酸纤维相比,SWCA涂膜结晶性减弱,呈微晶态或次晶态结构,且具有较好的耐热性。     

Producing Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Free Fatty Acids with Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

Three Brønsted acidic imidazole dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) with different length of alkyl chains, [C_n(Mim)₂][HSO₄]₂ (n = 3, 6, 12), were prepared and used as catalyst for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids and methanol. Taking oleic acid as model acid, the catalytic performances of the synthesized ILs for the esterification were evaluated. The main physicochemical properties of the ILs, thermal stability, acidity, solubility in common solvents, and causticity on Austenitic stainless steel 316, were examined. [C₃(Mim)₂][HSO₄]₂ demonstrated the highest catalytic activity and enabled to assess the preliminary optimum esterification condition of oleic acid and methanol. Under optimized reaction conditions, the yield of oleic acid methyl ester was up to 95 %. The ILs have great potential as catalysts for producing fatty acid methyl esters from long‐chain free fatty acids.     

Grafting of sulfamethoxazole on acrylic acid−vinyl methyl ketone copolymer using the schiff base reaction−application as a drug delivery system

A series of poly(acrylic acid-co-methylvinylketone–graft–sulfamethoxazole)(AVMDS) species was synthesized for drug carrier applications. The synthesis involved two steps: copolymerization of acrylic acid(AA) with methyl vinyl ketone(MVK) through the free radical route and subsequent grafting of the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) onto the copolymer via the Schiff base reaction of the primary amine of SMX with the carbonyl groups of the MVK units. The structures and properties of the materials were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). An in-vitro cytotoxicity test of the drug-carrier systems via MTT assay revealed no significant cytotoxic effect at concentrations up to 100?µg?·?ml^?1. The dynamic release of SMX from these systems through a retro-imidation reaction (inverse Schiff base reaction) was investigated in depth, where the diffusion through the polymer matrix, the enhancement of the water solubility of SMX, the influence of the initial drug concentration, the pH of the medium, and the effect of the degree of swelling of the polymer matrix on the release dynamics were evaluated. The AVMGS4 and AVMGS1 drug carrier systems containing 3.58 and 1.18?wt% of SMX were the best performing systems.     

Poly(lactide)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites by high-shear mixing

There is currently considerable interest in developing stiff, strong, tough, and heat resistant poly(lactide) (PLA) based materials with improved melt elasticity in response to the increasing demand for sustainable plastics. However, simultaneous optimization of stiffness, strength, and toughness is a challenge for any material, and commercial PLA is well-known to be inherently brittle and temperature-sensitive and to show poor melt elasticity. In this study, we report that high-shear mixing with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) leads to significant improvements in the toughness, heat resistance, and melt elasticity of PLA while further enhancing its already outstanding room temperature stiffness and strength. This is evidenced by (i) one-fold increase in the elastic modulus (6.48 GPa), (ii) 43% increase in the tensile strength (87.1 MPa), (iii) one-fold increase in the strain at break (∼6%), (iv) two-fold increase in the impact strength (44.2 kJ/m²), (v) 113-fold increase in the storage modulus at 90°C (787.8 MPa), and (vi) 10³-fold increase in the melt elasticity at 190°C and 1 rad/s (∼10⁵ Pa) via the addition of 30 wt% CNC. It is hence possible to produce industrially viable, stiff, strong, tough, and heat resistant green materials with improved melt elasticity through high-shear mixing.     

Environmental impact assessment of bio-hydrogenated diesel from hydrogen and co-product of palm oil industry

Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) is a second generation biofuel that can be produced from vegetable oil and hydrogen via hydroprocessing. BHD is considered as one of alternative and renewable energy. This work presents evaluation of environmental impacts of BHD produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) compared to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Greenhouse gas emission, energy consumption, and overall environmental impacts are assessed. System boundary is from palm oil cultivation to BHD production. The functional unit is defined as 1 kg of fuel produced at the plant. The results indicate that energy consumption of BHD-PFAD is 1.18 times higher than that of BHD-FAME, while giving GHG emission 13.56 times lower than that of BHD-FAME. The results of overall environmental impacts indicated that BHD-PFAD was 3.58 greater than that of BHD-FAME.     

Novel superabsorbent materials from bacterial cellulose

A novel process for the production of superabsorbent materials (hydrogels) from bacterial cellulose (BC) was developed. Prior to crosslinking with a water‐soluble polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), BC was first carboxymethylated and functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate. The degree of crosslinking influenced the swelling properties of the hydrogels. The use of greater amounts of PEGDA enhanced the formation of a thicker macromolecular network containing fewer capillary spaces in the crosslinked gel. The maximum water retention value of the hydrogels containing 2.5–3.5 mmol of carboxyl groups per gram of gel reached 125 g g^?1 in distilled water, and 29 g g^?1 in saline (0.9% NaCl solution). The highly porous hydrogel architecture with a pore size of 350–600 µm created a high specific surface area. This enables rapid mass penetration in superabsorbent applications. The superabsorbent hydrogels reached 80% of their maximum water absorption capacity in 30 min. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry